CONTOH TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS : Grammatical subject, logical subject, psychological subject Example
A.
SUBJECT
Grammatical subject, logical
subject, psychological subject
Example
(1)
The tigers hunt prey at night
Tigers precede the
verb. It agrees with the verb in number, as become clear when it is made
singular : the tiger hunts its prey at
night. In the active construction,
it is never marked by any preposition. The corresponding full passive clause is
prey is hunted by the tigers at night; in
the passive clause, the subject of (1), the
tigers, turns up inside the prepositional phrase by the tigers.
-
The above criteria – agreement in number with
the verb, never being preceded by a preposition, occurring in the by phrase in
the passive – are grammatical, and the noun they pick out in a given clause is
the grammatical subject of the
clause.
-
In (1) tigers
refers to the Agent. Many
analysts consider that tigers refers to the Agent
in the passive sentence too, although it is inside the by prepositional phrase
and at the end of the sentence. They call the logical subject, by which is meant that in either syntactic
construction tigers denotes the Agent (its
role in the situation does not change)
-
Other analysts maintain that in the passive
sentence Tigers no longer denotes the
Agent but rather the Path by which
the action reaches and affects the prey.
-
A third type of subject is the psychological subject. In (1), tigers is the starting point of the
message, it denotes the entities about which the speaker wishes to say
something.
Examples:
(2)
A. Fiona hoped to meet the Prime Minister
b. susan intends to reach Kashgar.
c. Arthur
tried to bake a cake.
Description:
All these examples contain infinitive phrase : to meet the PM, to reach Kashgar, to bake a
cake. One the properties being that they have understood subject : for
example, Fiona is the understood
subject of meet the PM; Fiona is, so
to speak, doing the hoping and Fiona is the person who is to do the meeting,
and similarly for Susan in (2b) and Arthur in (2c).
B.
DIRECT OBJECT
Examples:
(3) A.
Louise broke the cup
b. Alison drove the car
c. Martha chewed the bread
description :
direct object NP is never preceded by a preposition – in the
sentence Martha chewedon the bread, bread
is not a direct object, and the entity it denotes is not completely affected by
the action of chewing.
Examples :
(4)
A. the cup was broken by Louise
b. the car was driven by Alison
c. the bread was chewed by Martha.
Description :
Direct object NPs typically refer to patients.
C.
OBLIQUE OBJECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT
Any noun phrase that is the
complement of the preposition is an oblique object, where the prepositional phrase
itself the complement of a verb. In (5),
to Onegin, to Egilsay, and for Jane are
oblique objects.
Examples :
(5)
A. Tatiana wrote to Onegin.
b. Magnus went to Egilsay.
c. Frank bought a piano for Jane
it is difficult to separate indirect
objects from adverbs of direction. The two can be distinguished on the grounds
that indirect object NPs contain animate nouns, whereas adverbs of
place contain inanimate nouns denoting countries, towns and other places.
We would expect inanimate nouns not to occur immediately to the right of a
verbs such as sent in (6) and (7).
(6)
A. Lucy sent a letter to Isadore
b. Lucy sent Isadore a letter
(7)
A. The Government sent an envoy to China
b. *The Government sent China an envoy.
Posts
Post a Comment